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21.
The evaporation of superfluid
4
He by rotons is investigated using a recently developed pulsed source of both positive (R
+
) and negative (R
–
) group velocity rotons. The R
+
and R
–
rotons have very different momenta parallel to the free liquid surface and this causes angular dispersion of the two beams of evaporated atoms in the vacuum. On moving a bolometer horizontally through these beams, we find that the maximum flux of atoms from R
–
rotons occurs at an angle corresponding to an average R
–
roton energy of /k
B
10.5 K. The signal at this angle is compared with the evaporation signal at the maximum flux caused by R
+
rotons. These R
+
rotons have an average energy of 10.7K. The relative sizes of these two signals enables an estimate to be made of the probability of evaporation by R
–
rotons relative to that for R
+
rotons. We find that «P
–a
»/«P
+a
» 4 × 10–3
where the brackets signify averages over the angles and energies allowed by the geometry of the experiment. 相似文献
22.
The synthetic pyrethroid insecticide tetramethrin may be reduced reversibly (E°' = -1.650 V vs Ag/Ag(+)) in acetonitrile at hanging mercury drop electrodes (HMDE) and glassy carbon electrodes. On the voltammetric time scale, the initial electron-transfer process involves the reversible formation of a radical anion. Data obtained from electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that the unpaired electron of the radical is located within the phthalimide system of the molecule. The radical anion may be further reduced at very negative applied potentials with the number of processes being dependent on the nature of the voltammetric technique. The detection limit (3σ) for the determination of tetramethrin in acetonitrile at a glassy carbon electrode, using differential pulse voltammetry, was found to be 2.1 × 10(-6) M. At a HMDE the detection limit is lower, having a value of 9.6 × 10(-7) M. The limit of determination (10σ) at a glassy carbon electrode is 3.5 × 10(-6) M and at a HMDE is 3.0 × 10(-6) M. Tetramethrin was selectively determined in an insecticide formulation, at a glassy carbon electrode using differential pulse voltammetry, at a concentration (w/v) of 0.34 ± 0.02%. The determined concentration is in good agreement with the stated value of 0.350 ± 0.018% (w/v). 相似文献
23.
M. J. Binns C. A. Londos S. A. McQuaid R. C. Newman N. G. Semaltianos J. H. Tucker 《Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics》1996,7(5):347-353
Normal diffusion of interstitial oxygen atoms (Oi ) accounts for the rate of oxygen aggregation in silicon for T > 500C. There is evidence for the dissociation of SiO2 precipitates (Ostwald ripening) and the formation of self-interstitials (I-atoms) to accommodate the local increase in volume. For T < 500 C, measurements of the loss of oxygen atoms from solution indicate that O2 dimer formation is the rate-limiting process, but dissociation of dimers must be taken into account when modelling this process. Large clusters of up to 10–20 Oi atoms, usually assigned to thermal donor (TD) defects cannot form unless dimer diffusion is much greater (by a factor of 104 to 107 ) than diffusion of Oi atoms and unless there is dissociation of clusters with the emission of dimers. Hydrogen impurities enhance Oi diffusion by a catalytic process and speed up donor formation. Infrared absorption measurements reveal H-Oi complexes and there is also partial passivation of TD defects to produce shallow thermal donors (STDs). 相似文献
24.
Øystein Vedaa Anette Harris Bjørn Bjorvatn Siri Waage Børge Sivertsen Philip Tucker 《Ergonomics》2016,59(1):1-14
A systematic literature search was carried out to investigate the relationship between quick returns (i.e. 11.0 hours or less between two consecutive shifts) and outcome measures of health, sleep, functional ability and work–life balance. A total of 22 studies published in 21 articles were included. Three types of quick returns were differentiated (from evening to morning/day, night to evening, morning/day to night shifts) where sleep duration and sleepiness appeared to be differently affected depending on which shifts the quick returns occurred between. There were some indications of detrimental effects of quick returns on proximate problems (e.g. sleep, sleepiness and fatigue), although the evidence of associations with more chronic outcome measures (physical and mental health and work–life balance) was inconclusive.
Practitioner Summary: Modern societies are dependent on people working shifts. This study systematically reviews literature on the consequences of quick returns (11.0 hours or less between two shifts). Quick returns have detrimental effects on acute health problems. However, the evidence regarding effects on chronic health is inconclusive. 相似文献
25.
Steve Whittaker Simon Tucker Kumutha Swampillai Rachel Laban 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2008,12(3):197-221
Although many recent systems have been built to support Information Capture and Retrieval (ICR), these have not generally
been successful. This paper presents studies that evaluate two different hypotheses for this failure, firstly that systems
fail to address user needs and secondly that they provide only rudimentary support for ICR. Having first presented a taxonomy
of different systems built to support ICR, we then describe a study that attempts to identify user needs for ICR. On the basis
of that study we carried out two user-oriented evaluations. In the first, we carried out a task-based evaluation of a state-of-the-art
ICR system, finding that it failed to provide users with abstract ways to view meetings data, and did not present users with
information categories that they considered to be important. In a second study, we introduce a new method for comparative
evaluation of different techniques for accessing meetings data. The second study showed that simple interface techniques that
extracted key information from meetings were effective in allowing users to extract gist from meetings data. We conclude with
a discussion of outstanding issues and future directions for ICR research. 相似文献
26.
Khan Z Balch T Dellaert F 《IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence》2006,28(12):1960-1972
In several multitarget tracking applications, a target may return more than one measurement per target and interacting targets may return multiple merged measurements between targets. Existing algorithms for tracking and data association, initially applied to radar tracking, do not adequately address these types of measurements. Here, we introduce a probabilistic model for interacting targets that addresses both types of measurements simultaneously. We provide an algorithm for approximate inference in this model using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-based auxiliary variable particle filter. We Rao-Blackwellize the Markov chain to eliminate sampling over the continuous state space of the targets. A major contribution of this work is the use of sparse least squares updating and downdating techniques, which significantly reduce the computational cost per iteration of the Markov chain. Also, when combined with a simple heuristic, they enable the algorithm to correctly focus computation on interacting targets. We include experimental results on a challenging simulation sequence. We test the accuracy of the algorithm using two sensor modalities, video, and laser range data. We also show the algorithm exhibits real time performance on a conventional PC 相似文献
27.
At press time, the details of the Clinton administration's healthcare reform package were not yet public. Some information has been leaked, however, fueling speculation about the plan's exact points. Computers in Healthcare asked three board members of the College of Healthcare Information Management Executives what they thought the Clinton healthcare team should know about the information piece of the puzzle. 相似文献
28.
Balch T. Dellaert F. Feldman A. Guillory A. Isbell C.L. Khan Z. Pratt S.C. Stein A.N. Wilde H. 《Proceedings of the IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers》2006,94(7):1445-1463
Our understanding of social insect behavior has significantly influenced artificial intelligence (AI) and multirobot systems' research (e.g., ant algorithms and swarm robotics). In this work, however, we focus on the opposite question: "How can multirobot systems research contribute to the understanding of social animal behavior?" As we show, we are able to contribute at several levels. First, using algorithms that originated in the robotics community, we can track animals under observation to provide essential quantitative data for animal behavior research. Second, by developing and applying algorithms originating in speech recognition and computer vision, we can automatically label the behavior of animals under observation. In some cases the automatic labeling is more accurate and consistent than manual behavior identification. Our ultimate goal, however, is to automatically create, from observation, executable models of behavior. An executable model is a control program for an agent that can run in simulation (or on a robot). The representation for these executable models is drawn from research in multirobot systems programming. In this paper we present the algorithms we have developed for tracking, recognizing, and learning models of social animal behavior, details of their implementation, and quantitative experimental results using them to study social insects. 相似文献
29.
For small, portable devices, speech input has the advantages of low-cost and small hardware, can be used on the move or whilst
the eyes & hands are busy, and is natural and quick. Rather than rely on imperfect speech recognition we propose that information
entered as speech is kept as speech and suitable tools are provided to allow quick and easy access to the speech-as-data records.
This paper summarises our work on the technologies needed for these tools – for organising, browsing, searching and compressing
the stored speech. These technologies go a long way towards giving stored speech the characteristics of text without the associated
input problems.
Received: 5 March 2002 / Accepted: 1 September 2002
Nick Haddock Consultant
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the whole HP Labs Gryphon team for their valuable contributions to this work - Mike Collins
for the hierarchical chunking algorithm, Erik Geelhoed and David Frohlich for the users perspective, Richard Hull for starting
off the compression work, Steve Loughran for productisation, and Dave Reynolds for his consistent advice and support. We would
also like to thank our partners at Cambridge University, Steve Young and Tony Robinson, whose expertise and technology formed
the foundation for this work, as well as the efforts of Kate Knill on wordspotting, Carl Seymour on compression, James Christie
on recognition, and Robin Valenza whose brief excursion into the world of speech technology helped develop a simple and effective
summarisation technique. Finally we would like to thank the reviewers for their many helpful comments. 相似文献
30.
C Daumas-Duport ML Tucker H Kolles P Cervera F Beuvon P Varlet N Udo M Koziak JP Chodkiewicz 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,34(1):61-78
Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a noninvasive diagnostic method for the evaluation of patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease (CAD). We utilized case-based reasoning (CBR) methods to develop the computer-based image interpretation system SCINA which automatically derives from a scintigraphic image data set an assessment concerning the presence of CAD. We compiled a case library of 100 patients who underwent both perfusion scintigraphy and coronary angiography to document or exclude the presence of CAD. The angiographic diagnosis of the retrieved nearest neighbor match of a scintigraphic input case was selected as the CBR diagnosis. We examined the effects of input data granularity, case indexing, similarity metric, and adaptation on the diagnostic accuracy of the CBR application SCINA. For the final prototype, sensitivity and specificity for detection of coronary heart disease were 98% and 70% suggesting that CBR systems may achieve a diagnostic accuracy that appears feasible for clinical use. 相似文献